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PostWysłany: Sob 5:48, 26 Lut 2011    Temat postu: green moncler 3552

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PostWysłany: Sob 9:56, 26 Lut 2011    Temat postu:

转载 2008-05-21 07:49 来源:北京青年报

四川地震,来势汹汹,突发危难面前,人的心理更是急需救护与重建。面对房屋坍塌、供给紧张,余震不断的现实。灾区人民不仅需要国家的支持,军队的援助,志愿者的慰问;同时也应该进行自我救护,互相救护。
  第一阶段:直面死亡接纳惊恐
  当死亡离自己如此之近的时候,无人可以真正做到不去惊慌。内心泛起的惊恐感受无疑是身体的一种本能保护。惊慌其实并不可怕,但惊慌对于每个个体的影响程度却是不一样的。在地震中遇难的群众们首先就是接受现实,接纳暂时的恐惧。告诉自己没什么可怕的,最坏的情况不已经面对了吗,我不还是依然无恙吗;我虽然害怕死亡,但是我不会被死亡吓到。
  在心理学里面,接纳并直面恐惧,往往比盲目认为自己无比强悍更容易摆脱急速心跳带来的紧张感和焦虑情绪。所以,往往亲历死亡的人比未视死亡者更坚强勇敢就是这个道理。
  第二阶段:积极暗示激发勇气
  在危难面临,软弱和勇气都是人的本性。刚才提到接纳自己软弱的一面,并非是让自己一直颓废,一直软弱下去,相反是给心灵一种缓冲和压力释放。当我们可以坦然面对现实和接纳惨痛以后,人的勇气随后就有被激活的可能。当我们可以窥探到事情本质后,不再盲目,也不会轻易再被余震吓倒。相反,我们积极学会自救的谋生手段,让勇气充满心间。此时告诉自己,危险很快就会过去,我要用信心来迎接现状。
  心理学认为勇气、镇定、毅力,其实每个人都有。那是在战胜软弱、无助、失望后被激发,涌现出来的力量。身处困境的人往往被激发出来的勇气更可以抵御由灾难带来的更现实的困境,诸如粮水短缺,疾病伤痛等等。

第三阶段:深度建构爱和归属感
  房屋倒塌、财物损失、亲人亡故、通讯中断等等这些人们最基本的生存需要被掐断,无疑带来巨大恐慌。若在幸免遇难后,我们往往急需确认自己是否被世界抛弃。心理学里面所谓的“归属感确认”。灾民往往会通过寻找亲人的下落、寻找朋友的行踪,尽快与自己所在的单位机构联系上,来确认自己没有被遗弃。此时,沟通联系就变得非常重要。能与家人通话哪怕一分钟,能与亲人哪怕一个简单的拥抱,能给小孩一下浅浅的抚摸……他们需要爱的表达,需要有归属感的确定。
  心理学以为,过度的安慰和需豪言壮语都不切实际。只需默默陪伴或者让灾民知道他被大家挂念着就好。一个短信“你在灾区一切还好吗?”就可以让人心暖而忘却暂时的伤痛。拿起手边的电话和手机,灾区的朋友太需要听到乡音的问候,太需要关爱的传递了。
  第四阶段:灾区互助重建控制感
  一个小小的操场露天露宿能够容纳上万人。大家在漆黑的夜晚,其实都是心慌慌的。忐忑不安需要被安定下来。心理志愿队深入灾区一线,可以将大家有组织地整编,由心理志愿者为大家安抚,传递信心,讲授自救互救的科学方法。
  惴惴不安往往是过度关注身边的一举一动而造成精神高度紧张。而当被编制成小团体,大家主动互助,互相安慰,聊天陪伴,就会将注意力从自己转移到他人。我们通常意义下都会希望在别人面前表现得更好,这时帮助别人不仅可以分散紧张的注意力从而得到舒缓,更可以恢复自己的独立意识。由于在自然灾难面前,我们丧失了自我控制感,所以力所能及互助,为我们重建控制信心。当控制力再次浮现,可以将恐惧,焦虑,控制到最小程度。
  第五阶段:国家主旋律升华未来
  最强有力的一定是整个社会和国家的表现。我们的空降部队快速出击,省内高速快速回复,救护和供给不断跟进。再加上媒体的准确快捷地报道,无疑都会给灾区人民以信心。当国家领导人深入一线,当救灾的好消息接连不断。这不仅仅是一条好消息,灾区人民太需要,当这些好事被大家口传时,就会聚集力量。当国家为灾民做出有效决策和行动时,就是最大的心理援助。Many years ago there lived an Emperor who was so exceedingly fond of fine new clothes that he spent vast sums of money on dress. To him clothes meant more than anything else in the world. He took no interes
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