uggs 17th-century Bavaria and Shandong's agricultu

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17th-century Bavaria and Shandong's agricultural production recovery measures

% A 70% or more. Generally speaking, the post-war recovery of agricultural production then, in Bavaria, more and more small farmers into a variety of non-agricultural production areas in Shandong, they re-entered the tenancy farmers and farm workers in the ranks. In Bavaria, the shortage of land from farmers and hand-mixed industry is very common: as the Rosenheim Bavaria, 49%, 62% of Landsberg, Vassar Fort 2O% of the farmers have to maintain a small pieces of land at the same time also engaged in the production of non-agricultural work; chin cutting Maria Berger as about 60% of Arab peasants doubles as his work; in the Palatinate,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], to the ancient Tang Yike Zheng Area. The Administrative Region in 1658 there were I6 villages, l14 farmers, use of land assets to support their families can not paste a 5039 1:3, accounting for 3421 percent. The other nations as a whole, according to 1691 statistics, in the whole of the 85,847 households in the state,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], there are 44,211 small farmers, accounting for 52%. [2] (the first m pages)] (Page) [10] Gg79o a cis' they have to do other work to survive, the work includes spinning, tailoring, shoe-making, coopers, blacksmith,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], masonry and so, in their purely handicraft and rural living together, earn wages, the agricultural population,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the proportion of commodity producers in more than 50% on average. Needless to say, with the penetration of capitalist factors and strengthen people, these people will soon be integrated into a market economy. In Shandong, the shortage of land tenancy the landlord the land of farmers is very common; also accept agricultural employment situation is gradually increased up. Emperor Kangxi in 1703 after visiting Shandong paper issued this encyclical is very broad, he said: many, but few poor people divided from one case of four years, they have been no Rebellion industry body, a strong flow in the four-person, unable to turn those who died in the gully. Department Jieyou Shandong, or business or force fields as many as ten million people. L6J (@ z - ~.) Words, Small farmers are still subject to the tenancy of land use constraints; from time to time in the tenancy relationship and continue to rent the kind of power to farmers to use land in a precarious state. At the same time, the heavy tax oppression, natural disasters in constant among the re-emergence of land acquisition, the farmers happen again divided, farmers gradually reduced; farmers land tenure soon shaken. Needless to say, with the deterioration of the situation of small farmers, social contradictions will gradually deepened; in order to maintain the feudal order, the ruler will repeat before the effective measures taken, the farmers in essentially the same fixed pattern of agricultural production being.

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