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Recent public health efforts to reduce tobacco smoke exposure have concentrated on banning smoking in public places outside of the home, including workplaces, restaurants, and bars, leading to improved air quality in those locations.
However, in New York City, where the prevalence of cigarette smoking is lower than the national average and there are strict smoking bans in bars and restaurants,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], a recent study found that the prevalence of elevated cotinine levels among nonsmoking adults was higher than the national average.
The authors speculated that contamination of multiunit buildings with tobacco smoke from other units may contribute to these surprisingly high cotinine levels, although no direct measurement of nicotine in the air was performed. Some municipalities have proposed legislation to reduce or ban smoking in apartment buildings, and some publichousing authorities have implemented smoke-free policies.
In 2009, the Department of Housing and Urban Development encouraged public-housing authorities to ban smoking in lowincome multiunit housing. There also have been reports of privately owned housing units that have banned smoking because of the potential health risks, increased costs associated with removing tobacco residue from apartments after smoking tenants leave,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and the need to relocate tenants disturbed by neighbors who smoke.
A recent study of low-income apartments in Boston found that 94% had detectable air nicotine levels,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], including 89% of apartments inhabited by nonsmokers. Andrew Lansley, the U.K. secretary of state for public health,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych],[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], believes that plain packs would de-glamorize the habit and stop young people from taking up smoking. But the Tobacco Manufacturers Association said, We do not believe any plans for plain packaging are based on sound public policy, nor any compelling evidence.
The International Advertising Association has written to the EU to argue against the prohibition of on-pack cigarette branding. Erich Buxbaum,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], VP and area director for Europe,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], said,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], All brands are registered trademarks. This could lead into a vast legal process companies will sue the EC. They pay a lot of money every year for their trademarks.Imperial Tobacco, manufacturer of cigarette brands including Davidoff, JPS, Gitanes and Gauloises Blondes, called plain packs unnecessary, unreasonable and unjustified.
In a statement the company said, Governments that consider introducing plain packaging risk breaching a range of legal and treaty obligations relating to intellectual property rights, international trade and European Union law.None of the 29 large-hub airports completely prohibited smoking outdoors on airport property. A larger percentage (79%) of airports reported having specifically designated outdoor smoking areas in 2010 than in 2002 (68%).
The percentage of airports with policies prohibiting smoking within a minimum distance of airport entrances (range: 10?C30 feet) also was greater in 2010 (69%) than in 2002 (61%). In 2010, airports that permitted smoking indoors were less likely than those that did not to have designated outdoor smoking areas (71% versus 82%) or minimum distance requirements outdoors (29% versus 82%). A similar pattern was observed in 2002.
All 29 large-hub airports reported posting signage to communicate their smoking policy; 72% of these airports also reported that announcements related to the smoking policy were made over the airport??s public address system. Some large-hub airports reported that they had made such announcements previously but had discontinued them because the smoking policy was well-known.